Domain:            Eukaryota

Kingdom:         Animalia

Phylum:           Arthropoda

Class:               Insecta

Order:             Hemiptera

Suborder:       Heteroptera

Family:           Pentatomidae

Tribe:             Eysarcorini

Genus:           Eysarcoris

Stink bugs, including Eysarcoris ventralis, are found in various regions across Asia. They can be encountered in agricultural areas, gardens, and natural vegetation. Their distribution may depend on factors such as climate, host plant availability, and other ecological conditions.

পোষক পরিসীমা
The stink bug Eysarcoris ventralis has a diverse host range, feeding on various crops and plants across agricultural and natural settings. This polyphagous insect is known to infest fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Common hosts include crops like rice, wheat, maize, and millet, as well as fruit trees such as mangoes and guavas.

Stink bugs of this genus are relatively small (<6 mm in length) and obovate in shape. There is a dense covering of punctures on much of the body. The head and the ventral surface of the thorax are covered with club-shaped hairs. Eysarcoris belongs to a group of stink bugs (also including Sepontia, Spermatodes and Stagonomus) which have a broad scutellum and an auriculate/spine-like process anterior to the scent gland opening, and do not have a median sulcus in the thoracic sterna.

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Eysarcoris ventralis, commonly known as the stink bug, exhibits adaptable habits and is found in diverse habitats, making it a notable presence in agricultural and natural settings. In agricultural fields, Eysarcoris ventralis can infest a variety of crops, including rice, wheat, fruits, and vegetables, where it displays its phytophagous feeding behavior by extracting plant sap. The stink bug is equally at home in gardens and horticultural areas, thriving amidst a range of cultivated plant species. Beyond human-altered landscapes, Eysarcoris ventralis can also be observed in natural vegetation, showcasing its ability to inhabit diverse plant ecosystems.

1. Egg Stage: The life cycle begins with the female stink bug laying eggs on host plants, often on the undersides of leaves. Eggs are typically laid in clusters and may have a barrel-shaped appearance.

2. Nymphal Stages: Once the eggs hatch, nymphs emerge. Nymphs are smaller, wingless versions of the adults. Nymphs go through several instar stages, shedding their exoskeletons as they grow. Each instar stage looks more like the adult, and their coloration may change during development.

3. Adult Stage: After completing the nymphal stages, Eysarcoris ventralis becomes an adult. Adults have fully developed wings and are capable of flight. They are characterized by their shield-shaped body, a common feature of stink bugs.

White-Spotted Stink bug, Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) was reported as one of the major destructive pests attacking rice worldwide. In Iran, it has been recorded on weeds, grape, alfalfa and wheat. In a survey on rice pests in Guilan province (Northern Iran) during 2017-2018, a large number of adult stink bugs were collected on rice panicles feeding on grains. The sucking on rice grains by adults as well as nymphs caused various symptoms, either empty glumes or spots around the feeding site. This is the first report of the damage symptoms caused by E. ventralis on rice in Iran (Guilan province).

1. Feeding Damage
2. Stippling and Discoloration
3. Deformed or Stunted Growth
4. Wilting and Yellowing
5. Fruit Damage
6. Characteristic Odor
7. Egg Clusters

1. Feeding Damage: The most direct sign of stink bug infestation is the feeding damage caused by piercing-sucking mouthparts. Stink bugs extract plant sap, leading to visible symptoms on leaves, stems, and fruits.
2. Stippling and Discoloration: Infested plants may exhibit stippling, small white or yellow dots on the surface of leaves, resulting from the removal of chlorophyll during feeding. This can lead to overall discoloration of affected plant tissues.
3. Deformed or Stunted Growth: Severe infestations can result in deformed or stunted plant growth. The disruption of nutrient and water transport by stink bug feeding can hinder the normal development of plants.
4. Wilting and Yellowing: Stink bug feeding can cause wilting and yellowing of leaves, a consequence of the stress imposed on the plant’s vascular system.
5. Fruit Damage: Fruits may show physical damage, including punctures or deformities, where stink bugs have fed. This can lead to reduced fruit quality and marketability.
6. Characteristic Odor: When disturbed or handled, stink bugs release a distinctive foul odor as a defense mechanism. The presence of this odor can be an indirect sign of infestation.
7. Egg Clusters: Presence of barrel-shaped egg clusters on the undersides of leaves can indicate the reproductive activity of stink bugs.

Eysarcoris ventralis is known to feed on a variety of crops, including rice, wheat, fruits, and vegetables. Their feeding activities can cause significant damage to crops, leading to reduced yields and economic losses for farmers. The feeding habits of stink bugs can result in physical damage to fruits and vegetables, reducing their overall quality and market value. tink bugs, including Eysarcoris ventralis, can act as vectors of plant pathogens. They may transmit diseases from infected plants to healthy ones, contributing to the spread of plant diseases in agricultural settings.

Integrated pest management (IPM) practices are commonly employed to control Eysarcoris ventralis populations. Cultural practices, biological control through natural enemies, and targeted use of insecticides may be part of management strategies.

Integrated pest management (IPM) practices are commonly employed to control Eysarcoris ventralis populations. Cultural practices, biological control through natural enemies, and targeted use of insecticides may be part of management strategies.

1. Natural Predators and Parasitoids: Biological control relies on the presence of natural enemies that actively prey on or parasitize the target pest. In the case of stink bugs, predatory insects like beetles and bugs, as well as parasitoid wasps, play a crucial role in keeping populations in balance.

2. Pathogens for Targeted Control: Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are natural pathogens that specifically target stink bugs. These organisms infect and eventually kill the pests, contributing to the biological control of their populations.

3. Conservation and Habitat Management: Creating and preserving habitats that support natural enemies is essential for sustaining biological control. This includes maintaining plant diversity to provide alternative food sources and shelter for beneficial insects. Avoiding unnecessary disruption to these habitats supports a healthy balance in the ecosystem.

4. Reduction of Pesticide Use: Minimizing the use of broad-spectrum pesticides is a critical aspect of biological control. Pesticides can harm natural enemies, undermining their effectiveness. By judiciously applying targeted pesticides or opting for alternative control methods, biological control can thrive.

5. Augmentation of Natural Enemies: In some instances, additional natural enemies can be introduced into the environment to augment biological control efforts. This may involve releasing predatory insects or parasitoid wasps in areas with stink bug infestations.

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J.Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci. (2023) 9:230–241 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-022-00021-6

J.Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci. (2023) 9:230–241 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-022-00021-6 https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-34613-en.html

1. Carl Wilhelm Hahn (1834). Die wanzenartigen Insecten. Vol. 2. p. 66.

2. “Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834”. www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-01-25.

3. Australia, Atlas of Living. “Genus: Eysarcoris”. bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2023-01-25.

4. Jump up to:a b c Wood, I.; McDonald, F. J. D. (1984). “Revision of the Australian Eysarcoris Group (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)”. Australian Journal of Entomology. 23 (4): 253–264. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1984.tb01957.x. ISSN 1326-6756.

5. “Eysarcoris guttiger (two spotted sesame bug)”. CABI Compendium. 2022. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.23797. S2CID 253919059. Retrieved 2023-01-25.

6. Jalaeian, Mahdi; Zamani, Sheyvan; Farahpour-Haghani, Atousa (2019-08-10). “First report of damage caused by white-spotted stink bug, Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) on rice in Iran”. Journal of Crop Protection. 8 (4): 521–525.