Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Ephydridae
Subfamily: Hydrelliinae
Genus: Hydrellia
Species: H. philippina

Hydrellia philippina is found in various regions, particularly in Asia. It has been reported in countries such as the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia.

পোষক পরিসীমা
Some species within the genus Hydrellia, including H. philippina, are considered pests of rice. Larval feeding can lead to the destruction of submerged plant tissues and may affect rice yields.

The eggs are whitish, elongate, and banana-shaped with a hard shell as a covering. The individual egg is laid on the leaf surface. It is found sticking on the leaves because of a gluey substance secreted by the female. Egg stage lasts from 2 – 6 days.

The larva is legless. A newly hatched larva is transparent to light-cream. The mature larva is yellowish and cylindrical with a pair of pointed spiracles. It is 4.4 – 6.4 mm long and 0.5-0.7 mm wide. The larva feeds on the unopened central leaves. Before pupation, the matured larva leaves the feeding site and pupates inside older tillers. Larval development is completed in 10 – 12 days.

The pupa is dark-brown with a tapered posterior end and has two terminal respiratory spines. The pupa is 4.8 mm long. Pupation is 5 – 10 days.

The adult is gray in color and has transparent wings. It has silvery-white frons and cheeks. Its abdomen is silvery-white to gray, and blackish-brown in the middle of the three basal segments. The adult has yellow legs apart from the thigh. It is active during the day and rests on rice leaves near the water. It prefers thick vegetation and is attracted to open standing water around seedbeds.

[NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

The larvae of Hydrellia philippina are aquatic and are associated with rice paddies. They are often found in waterlogged or flooded conditions. The larvae of some Hydrellia species are known to feed on submerged parts of rice plants, particularly on the leaf sheaths and stems. This feeding behavior can cause damage to the rice crop.

The life cycle typically involves an aquatic larval stage, pupation in the soil, and emergence of adult flies. The adults are small, dark flies commonly found in and around rice fields.
It prefers thick vegetation and is attracted to open standing water around seedbeds. Neonate maggots feed on the unopened central leaves where larval development is completed in 10−12 days. The full-grown maggots pupate outside the feeding stalk.

ডিমঃ White, cigar shaped egg laid singly on either side of the leaves

Maggot: Newly hatched Maggots is transparent to very light cream in colour but later become yellow. Maggots move down the leaf into the whorl on a film of dew and feed within developing whorls. Maggots mostly remain outside the leaves and feed on the mesophyll tissue of the foliage. When leaves emerge from the whorl damage can be seen as pinholes in the leaves and white and yellowish lesions on the leaf edge.

পিউপাঃ Pupation takes place in between the leaf sheath where the pupa is loosely attached to the stem. The puparium is light to dark brown ovoid and sub-cylindrical in shape.

প্রাপ্তবয়স্কঃ Adult dark grey flies, 1.8-2.3 mm in size.

Heavily damaged plants are stunted and have few tillers. The leaves have white and/or transparent patches and break easily when the wind blows. Slightly damaged leaves have pinholes. At the maximum tillering stage, these symptoms usually disappear.

[NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

1.  White patches along margin of one side of leaf towards the tip with holes and is referred as marginal blotching.
   
2. Damaged leaves easily break and hang down near tip; Clear or yellow spots on inner margins of emerging leaves.
   
3. Damage becomes visible when the leaves emerge from the whorl as pinholes and white and yellowish lesions on the leaf edge
   

[NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

1. Remove the alternate hosts and adopt early planting
   
2. Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer
   
3. Monitor crops regularly, notably on a weekly basis during early growth.
   
4. Common symptoms include white or transparent patches and yellowish blocthing with pin holes on leaves and stem.
   
5. Other symptoms include drooping of young leaves, shrivelled plant, stunted growth, fragile stems and yellow spots on inner leaf margin.
   
6. Consider direct control actions when 1-2 eggs per hill are found and chemical control when 15-30% leaf damage is observed.
   

1. Growing of resistance varieties such as IR 40.
   
2. Follow closer planting (20X20cm).
   
3. Maintain weed free field throughout the season.
   
4. In-situ growing of azolla 10 days after planting to cover the water surface of field.
   
5. Consider direct sowing rather than transplanting as this can lead to reduced pressure by pests.
   

1. Release of Trichogramma eggs (2 cc per acre) at weekly intervals. Follow product label instructions.
   
2. Soil application of neem cake (75 kg/acre).
   
   

1. Spraying of Cartap hydrochloride 50% SP (e.g., trade name: Padan, Kirtap, Caldan,Boreg) at a rate of 400 g per acre.
   
2. Spraying of Profenofos 50% EC (e.g., trade name: Curacron, Profos, Proud, Celeron) at a rate of 400 ml per acre.
   
3. Spraying of Fipronil 5% SC (e.g., trade name: RegentSC, Devigent plus, Fipro) at a rate of 400 ml per acre
   
   Or,
   Spray any one of the following :
   1. Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G 7.5-10 kg/ac
   2. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC 500 ml/ac
   3. Fipronil 5% SC 400-600g/ac
   4. Fipronil 0.3% GR 7-10 kg/ac
   5. Ethofenoprox 10 EC @ 200- 600 ml/ac
   
   
   

1. Avoid resurgence pesticides.
   
2. Always wear protective clothing when handling pesticides. Follow product label instructions for safe handling.
   

তথ্য পাওয়া যায়নি।

https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ije&volume=81&issue=3&article=036

https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jer&volume=44&issue=3&article=008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0261219486900281

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24498757/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0261219486900281

https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/10.1079/pwkb.20207800535

https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/rice/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20_cereals_paddy_m10.html

http://www.oisat.org/pests/pests__insect_mite/flies/rice_whorl_maggot/general_information.html

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/page-not-found