Domain:               Eukaryota
Kingdom:             Animalia
Phylum:                Arthropoda
Class:                    Insecta
Order:                    Lepidoptera
Family:                  Crambidae
Genus:                  Scirpophaga
Species:                S. innotata.
Binomial Name:  Scirpophaga innotata (Walker, 1863)
Synonyms:           Tipanaea innotata (Walker, 1863)
                               Scirpophaga sericea (Snellen, 1880)

Restricted. Southeast Asia, Oceania. It is recorded from Australia, and Papua New Guinea. A new distribution map is provided for Scirpophaga innotata (Walker) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] White rice borer, white stem borer. Attacks rice, Cyperus, wild grasses. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, AUSTRALASIA, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya [7].

পোষক পরিসীমা
 Rice, and wild rice. Whether or not the moth attacks sedge species has been questioned. Scirpophaga innotata is a tropical species, occurring in regions with distinct dry and wet seasons.

ডিমঃ The eggs are laid in groups of about 100 near the tip of the leaf blade and covered with hairs from the tip of the abdomen

লার্ভা: The larvae are at first greyish-white, and when fully grown are white to yellowish, 25 mm long.

পিউপাঃ Pupae are white, and pupation takes from 6 to 9 days.

প্রাপ্তবয়স্কঃ Adults are white, nocturnal; male wingspan is 18-22 mm, whereas the female wingspan is up to 33 mm.

[NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

[NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

The eggs are laid in groups of about 100 near the tip of the leaf blade and covered with hairs from the tip of the abdomen. A week later the eggs hatch and the off-white larvae have a faint dark line along the back and brown heads. The larvae are at first greyish-white, and when fully grown are white to yellowish, 25 mm long. During diapause the larvae move down into the plant base, most reaching 3-5 cm below ground. Development takes from 20-30 days. Pupae are white, and pupation takes from 6 to 9 days. Adults are white; male wingspan is 18-22 mm, whereas the female wingspan is up to 33 mm (Photos 1&2). They are nocturnal.
In some situations the larvae of Scirpophaga innotata go through a resting stage or diapause. For instance, in a dry season, they remain in diapause until it is broken by more than 10 mm of rainfall. Generally, it takes at least 3 months for larvae to form a pupae. If diapause and pupation occur without interruption (as occurs with single long-maturity rice), then large numbers of moths emerge in a short, 2 week, period. In countries where rice is double cropped and then fallowed or land is planted to a secondary crop (maize, soybean, peanut), and short-maturing varieties are grown, the moth only goes through diapause in the dry season.

There are infestations of 10,000-20,000 ha a year in Indonesia, with some major outbreaks similar to those of 1990 when considerable yield losses were recorded. Australia, too, has reported high losses of summer crops (October to May). Losses are greatest if attacks occur during the flowering stage.

Look for deadhearts and whiteheads at the vegetative and flowering stages, respectively. Because of similarity with other Scirpophaga species attacking rice, identifications should be done by taxonomists with expertise in the Lepidopteran pests of rice. There have been instances when Scirpophaga innotata has been confused with Scirpophaga incertulas, which has a much wider distribution. Scirpophaga innotata does not have spots on the forewings. Newly hatched larvae bore inside the young rice plant, travelling downward between the leaf sheaths and causing death of the young tip (dead hearts) in the vegetative stage, and empty panicles (white heads) in the generative stage. First-instar larvae may use silken threads to move to other plants.

Symptoms are similar to those of other rice stem borers (see Fact Sheets nos. 408, 409, 410). Newly hatched larvae tunnel down the plant between the leaf sheaths, killing the shoot and causing ‘deadhearts’. The stems are easily pulled out. Later, the feeding at the base of the panicles may prevent emergence, or result in white unfilled grain of those that have emerged, a symptom called ‘whitehead’.
Plants/Growing point/internal feeding; boring
Plants/Stems/dead heart
Plants/Stems/internal feeding
Plants/Whole plant/dead heart

 [NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE]

BIOSECURITY
Countries not yet infested by the rice white stem borer should consider all likely pathways for entry, and apply quarantine measures accordingly. It is a mjor pest of rice, in particular. Many countries throughout Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania are at risk. Pathways of introduction are likely to be via produce contaminated by pieces of stem of the hosts infested with larvae or pupae.
AGRONOMY
Rice-Rice-Fallow cropping pattern has led to a reduction in the dominance of white stem borer over other pest species. The practice of growing fast-maturing rice cultivars meant a longer fallow period, allowing the white stem borer sufficient time to diapause. In some parts of west Java, farmers are now planting medium-maturing cultivars in the dry season, and the S. innotata infestation has decreased. The white stem borer has become less important in Australia since the introduction of direct seeding; diapausing larvae are destroyed during land preparation.

MECHANICAL CONTROL
Infestation may be reduced by cutting the stubble very low during harvest, destroying larvae before they move to the lower part for diapause; however, at harvest 40-85% of larvae have already reached the lower part of the stem. Ploughing the stubble immediately after harvest could destroy the larvae; however this may not be economically feasible unless the field is to be planted again. Attracting the moth using lamps has also been suggested; but experiments show that mass trapping by petromax lamps is not effective as the majority of moths attracted had already laid eggs in the field, and it required many lamps to be effective (Aunu Rauf et al., 1992b). Egg collection in the seed bed was recommended by van der Goot (1925), but not in the field, as this practice is very labour-intensive.

REGULATING PLANTING DATE
When rice was planted only once per year, regulating the planting date was a commonly used method of control (van der Goot, 1948). As the white stem borer is a monophagous insect, postponing the seedbed meant that the first flight of moths could not find host plants to lay eggs (Aunu Rauf et al., 1992a). Adjustment of the planting date could also avoid the susceptible phase of late-maturing rice cultivars coinciding with the peak of S. innotata moth flight. Heavy infestation occurs if the susceptible phase of rice development coincides with the third peak of moth flight. However, this method is not easy to adopt, as there may be other demands on the water allocation for each location.

Cultural practices are particularly important against the rice white stem borer as insecticide applications often give variable results, with even systemic products only effective during the vegetative, tillering, stage.
Before planting:
Prepare the land early and thoroughly ensuring destruction of larvae and pupae in stubble. (In Australia, direct seeding is used to control the moth, as well as land preparation which destroys diapausing larvae.)
Handpick and destroy egg masses in the nursery.
Before transplanting, cut the tip of the leaves to prevent carry-over from the nursery to the field.
Plant at high density to compensate for damage that may occur.
Rotate two crops of rice and then fallow the land.
In irrigated systems, choose medium-maturing rice varieties (135-140 days). This is crucial as it means a shorter fallow period, and not enough time for the larvae to complete its diapause if following the rice-rice-fallow system.
During growth:
Weed as soon as required to promote good crop growth.
Cut out the stems with deadhearts and remove from the field. Destroy the larva or burn the stalk. Note this is labour intensive and not very effective as the pest may already have left.
Apply nitrogen fertilizer in split applications: check local recommendations for rates and timing. Fertilizer helps plants infested during the tillering stage to recover from the damage.
After harvest:
Harvest crops at ground level to remove the larvae in the stubble before they move to the lower part of the plant to diapause.
Plough remaining rice stubble into the soil to kill larvae and pupae, and avoid leaving unharvested plants. Irrigate as soon as possible. Community-wide synchronisation increases the effect on the

NATURAL ENEMIES
In general, the rice white stem borer is parasitised and predated by the same natural enemies as other rice stem borers. Egg parasities are important and include species of Telenomus, Tetrastichus and Trichogramma. Predators include generalists, such as rove and carabid beetles, aquatic bugs, and spiders. Egg parasitoids are more important than larval or pupal parasitoids, and egg parasitism may reach up to 90% at harvest. In order for the populations of egg parasitoids to build up early in the season, early insecticide application should be avoided. The predators found on the land were Oxyopes javanus, Agriocnemis femina, Conocephalus longipennis, Menochilus sexmaculata, Ophionea nigrofasciata, Micraspis lineata, and Paederus fuscipes. Predator populations were more on land managed with the application of IPM than on land managed conventionally [6]. Moreover, a study recommends using E. dulcis as a trap plant to trap the eggs and removing them to manage this pest in rice fields [8].

RESISTANT VARIETIES
Modern rice varieties that are relatively thin-stemmed, short, high tillering, and early maturing, may result in less damage from stem borers generally. This aspect is important as well-grown, vigorous crops can withstand 20% deadhearts and 10% whiteheads before yield is affected. In the case of the rice white stem borer, early planting can improve management where the crop is planted at the beginning of the wet season.

There are no cultivars available which are specifically resistant to S. innotata. In the field the degree of infestation is determined by the duration of the rice variety, the date of planting and the stem borer population. See Baco et al. (1992); Hendarsih et al. (1992); Hendarsih and Sanusi Wityanara (1994).

The TPC, i.e., Total Phenolic Content of infested TKM6 stem was 17.39% higher than the control while the TPC of infested TN1 stem was 19.09% lower than the control. The changes in TPC may demonstrate the role it plays in rice plant defense against herbivores such as SB [9].

The use of insecticides risks destroying natural enemies. Use only as a last resort:
Use abamectin, a natural fermentation product from a bacterium.
In Fiji, diazinon and bifenthrin are recommended for (unspecified) stem borers.
Chlorpyrifos and fipronil, have also been recommended (for all stem borers), but note that chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, and is a potent nerve agent; the World Health Organization (WHO) considers chlorpyrifos to be moderately hazardous (Class II). The use of fipronil is under review in Australia by the APVMA because of environmental concerns. A report is expected in 2020. Reviews on the use of chlorpyrifos are on-going in Europe, USA and Australia.
All synthetic products are likely to reduce the impact of natural predators and parasitoids against this moth, and can only be recommended as a last resort.

Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
Your national pesticide guide

তথ্য পাওয়া যায়নি।

তথ্য পাওয়া যায়নি।

https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/cabicompendium.55202

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670870600552497

https://jurnalfkip.unram.ac.id/index.php/JBT/article/view/4645

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09670870600552463

https://jurnalfkip.unram.ac.id/index.php/JBT/article/view/4645

https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_14906.html

https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A14%3A1618574/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A159485377&crl=c

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scirpophaga_innotata
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https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/11121
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https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/4616/